Hyena (family Hyaenidae) is a feliform carnivorous mammal that belongs to the same order as cats. Hyenas are known for their distinctive calls, and they are found in Asia and Africa. Although often mistaken for dogs, hyenas are a unique mammal, with a few exceptional physical characteristics.
Physical Traits
Size and Coloration
Hyenas have long forelimbs and a sloping back that makes them look hunched over. They have a compact build and an unusually large head. The size of hyenas differs across species, with the spotted hyena being the largest and most common. They have a unique fur coat that varies in color from light beige to dark brown or black, with spots or stripes.
Skull
The hyena skull is unique and more massive in comparison to other carnivorous mammals. Their jaw muscles are among the most powerful of any mammal, which helps them crush and break bones with ease.
Vocalization
Hyenas make numerous sounds like wails, growls, and giggles. The giggling sound is most associated with their laughter, which sounds like human laughter. They use this unique laughter as a social signal to communicate with each other.
Habitat and Range
Hyenas are found in most parts of Africa and the Middle East, south of the Sahara. The habitats vary, ranging from savannas, woodlands, deserts, and even high-altitude moorlands.
Diet
Hyenas are opportunist carnivores that feed on both large and small animals. Although they are not efficient hunters like lions, they are excellent scavengers and can eat the entire carcass, including the bones and hooves.
Reproduction and Life Span
Females reproduce once a year, and their gestation period is around 110 days. Unlike other carnivorous mammals, hyenas have a pseudopenis. Mating and giving birth are challenging for female hyenas, and it poses a significant health risk to both the mother and the offspring. Hyenas can live up to 12 years in the wild and up to 25 years in captivity.
Conservation Status
Hyenas are subject to habitat loss, persecution and hunting, and the demand for body parts in some traditional medicine practices. African governments classify hyenas as vermin, and they are often hunted or poisoned by locals who view them as a threat. Four species of hyenas are listed as near-threatened, vulnerable, or endangered.
Interesting Facts
- Spotted Hyenas have a matriarchal society where females dominate males.
- The crocuta crocuta (Spotted Hyena) has one of the strongest bite forces of any mammal globally.
- Hyenas help keep the food web balanced by consuming carrion that would otherwise attract disease.
- The Hyena’s digestive system is capable of breaking down tough materials like bone and even hooves.
Indeed, Hyenas are fascinating creatures that play a vital role in their habitat. As we learn more about these misunderstood animals, we can better appreciate their unique and essential place in the animal kingdom.[1] [2]** [3]**
References:
[2] Spotted Hyena | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants
[3] Hyena | mammal
